Yes, TLXOS is Linux. It's is a slightly modified version of Debian stable (currently 10 (Buster) for 4.9.x or 8 (Jessie) for 4.8.x). TLXOS RPi IoT is based on Raspbian instead of Debian because Debian doesn't support ARMHF on ARM < v7. TLXOS RPi is based on Debian, not Raspbian.
The only significant differences between Debian(/Raspbian) and TLXOS are that (a) we are using our own kernel build with AUFS support, (b) we use a customized initramfs that mounts the root filesystem as a three-layer union, and (c) we have some closed-source software and shell scripts that act as an agent for our management software, and configures the O/S in accordance with TMS/Tlxconfig settings. We call this TLXOS rather than Debian mostly so that you don't go pestering Debian people about our customizations; it's still Debian in most respects, and you are free to "apt-get install" whatever you want.
TLXOS' root filesystem is an AUFS (Another Union File System) amalgam of three diffferent layers:
Details of files that do not belong to Debian (or more accurately, files outside of dpkg package management, which include both closed- and open-source files) can be found in /usr/share/doc/UNPACKAGED/README. Basically, tms_client (the TMS agent) and Tlxconfig (the local configuration tool) are the only parts of TLXOS that are closed source.
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